Overview
The prostate is a small gland below the bladder in men. It commonly grows larger with age. As it enlarges it can squeeze the urethra and make passing urine slow and difficult.
An enlarged prostate is not cancer and does not turn into cancer, but the two can exist together, so a proper assessment matters.
Symptoms
- Needing to pass urine often, especially at night
- A sudden, strong urge to pass urine
- A weak or interrupted stream
- Difficulty starting to pass urine
- Dribbling at the end
- A feeling that the bladder has not emptied
When to see a doctor
- You cannot pass urine at all
- Blood in your urine
- Fever, chills or pain with urinary symptoms
- Leaking urine you cannot control
Causes
- Age-related hormone changes that make prostate cells grow
Risk factors
- Age over 50
- Family history
- Diabetes and heart disease
- Obesity and low physical activity
Diagnosis
- Symptom score questionnaire
- Physical examination including a rectal examination
- Urine test
- PSA blood test
- Ultrasound with measurement of urine left after voiding
- Uroflowmetry — a test of urine flow
Treatment
- Watchful waiting and lifestyle changes for mild symptoms.
- Medicines that relax the prostate or shrink it over time.
- TURP — the standard endoscopic operation, with no external cut.
- Laser prostate surgery where suitable.
FAQs
Does an enlarged prostate cause cancer?
No. BPH is not cancer and does not become cancer. Both conditions can occur in the same man, which is why your doctor may advise a PSA test.
Will surgery affect my sexual life?
After TURP many men notice that semen goes backwards into the bladder (retrograde ejaculation). Erections are usually not affected. Discuss your priorities with your urologist before deciding.
When is surgery needed?
When medicines no longer control symptoms, or if there are complications such as inability to pass urine, repeated infections, bladder stones or effects on the kidneys.
Medical review: pending — Dr. Mukesh J. Shah · Content prepared October 2026. This guide is general information and does not replace a consultation.